I'm Nobody, Who Are You? For the treaty of 1479 and the bull of 1481, see Davenport (1917: The Spanish monarchs reply to the Duke of Medina-Sidonia is document XVI dated May 2, 1493, given in Navarrete (1825: vol. Indeed, until the discovery of Columbus's on-board journal, first published in the 19th century, this letter was the only known direct testimony by Columbus of his experiences on the first voyage of 1492. There are two known editions of the (Spanish) Letter to Santangel, and at least six editions of the (Latin) Letter to Gabriel Sanchez published in the first year (1493), plus an additional rendering of the narrative into Italian verse by Giuliano Dati (which went through five editions). Finally, they continued onward, arriving at the island of Hispaniola, which is modern-day Haiti and the Dominican Republic. In the printed editions (albeit not in the Copiador version) Columbus notes that he tried to prevent his own sailors from exploiting the Indians' navet, and that he even gave away things of value, like cloth, to the natives as gifts, in order to make them well-disposed "so that they might be made Christians and incline full of love and service towards Our Highnesses and all the Castilian nation". Since all of the land and most of the riches were conquered by him but, are for Spain, the explorer, Columbus, does not end up with a big proportion of the findings but, being able to take credit for his findings make a difference. Thus, on his first shot, the pope effectively left the matter unsettled until the determination of the islands' actual geographic location. I have told already how I sailed in a straight course along the island of Johana from West to East 322 miles. He started taking notes of his journey starting the year of 1492. Even before Herrera arrived John II had sent his own emissary, Ruy de Sande, to the Spanish court, reminding the Spanish monarchs that their sailors were not allowed to sail below Canaries latitude, and suggesting all expeditions to the west be suspended. The Wild Honey Suckle (1786) By Philip Freneau, 91. The sign off varies between editions. The Santangel brother-in-law, however, was found guilty of Judaizing and sentenced to death. Only the printed editionsSpanish and Latinare known. However, Columbus proclaims disbelief in the existence of these "monsters", or rather suggests this is likely just a local Indian myth pertaining to some distant Indian seafaring tribe who are probably not unlike themselves ("I regard them as of no more account than the others", "yo no los tengo en nada mas que a los otros"). New York: [The De Vinne press], 1892. Author Introduction-Rebecca Harding Davis (1831-1910), 172. On September 24, 1493, Christopher Columbus departed on his second voyage to the west Indies, with a massive new fleet. In the printed letters, Columbus claims to be bringing back some of the gold island's "bald-headed" inhabitants with him. The Portuguese king suspected (rightly, as it turns out) that the islands discovered by Columbus lay below the latitude line of the Canary Islands (approx. Convinced nonetheless he had discovered the edges of Asia, Columbus set sail back to Spain on January 15, 1493, aboard the caravel Nia. 2023 gradesfixer.com. How to treat the indigenous people became an issue as soon as the Spanish arrived in the Western Hemisphere. So too for pieces of hoops, jugs, jars and pots they bartered cotton and gold like beasts. The court of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain Columbus, Christopher, The Letter of Columbus on His Discovery of the New World (Los Angeles: USC Fine Arts Press, 1989). As soon as I had come into this sea, I took by force some Indians from the first island, in order that they might learn from us, and at the same time tell us what they knew about affairs in these regions. The date (February 18) and the identification of the Azores island of Santa Maria (rather than the Canaries) are anomalies not normally found in other editions of the Letter to Santangel. He also gave a brief description of the native Arawaks (whom he called "Indians"), emphasizing their docility and amenability, and the prospects of their conversion to Catholicism. [101] It contains significant differences from both the Spanish letter to Santangel and the Latin letter to Sancheznotably more details about Indian reports, including previously-unmentioned native names of islands (specifically: "Cuba", "Jamaica", "Boriquen" and "Caribo"), and a strange proposal to use the revenues from the Indies to launch a crusade to conquer Jerusalem. Columbus's arrival in the Caribbean the following year changed everything. [46] Years earlier, Gabriel Sanchez's three brothersJuan, Alfonso and Guillenas well as his brother-in-law, the son of Santangel's cousin (also, confusingly, named Luis de Santangel, like his father) were accused of conspiracy in the murder of the Spanish inquisitor Pedro de Arbus in 1485. Although Columbus eventually built forts and even brought women from Spain to ensure the permanence of his new settlements, he realized that these lands lacked the spices and precious metals of the East that he sought. He ended up somewhere completely different, even though he was unaware. The Copiador letter signs off as "made in the sea of Spain on March 4, 1493" ("Fecha en la mar de Espaa, a quatro das de maro"), a stark contrast to the February 15 given in the printed versions. In charge and discovery was no rest. Author Introduction-Tecumseh (17681813), 93. ), marble, AD 1000-1500 whatever kind, they are satisfied. If authentic, this letter practically solves the "Sanchez problem": it confirms that the Latin letter to Gabriel Sanchez is not a translation of the letter that the Spanish codicil said Columbus sent to the Monarchs, and strongly suggests that the Sanchez letter is just a Latin translation of the letter Columbus sent to Luis de Santangel. Which is how the encomienda, a grant by the Spanish crown to a settler of a specified number of natives living in a particular area for forced labor, and repartimiento systems got started, and how native peoples found themselves giving gold to the Spanish and working as forced laborers. In the drive to be the most powerful [], Would someone who kills thousand, rapes many young girls, makes innocent people their slaves and takes others out of the own home be a hero? The existence of the Latin letter to Gabriel Sanchez was known long before the existence of the Spanish letter to Santangel. This took place mostly on his voyage over the Atlantic Ocean on his way to the Indies, and also on the lands he discovers on the way to his destination. They eat human flesh, and make use of several kinds of boats by which they cross over to all the Indian islands, and plunder and carry off whatever they can. On the Equality of the Sexes (1790) By Judith Sargent Murray, 85. The Jewish Cemetery at Newport (1858) By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, 171. For the indigenous people, it meant almost total annihilation. They do not practice idolatry; on the contrary, they believe that all strength, all power, in short all blessings, are from Heaven, and that I have come down from there with these ships and sailors; and in this spirit was I received everywhere, after they had got over their fear. 3637); Henige (1994: p. 144), Morison (2007: p. 375); Letter of Medinaceli is reproduced as document Num. [35] The reply of the Catholic monarchs to Columbus, dated March 30, 1493, acknowledges receipt of the letter, but clarifies nothing about how it was delivered.[36]. Written and printed in Spanish, usually assumed to be from the copy of the letter sent by Columbus to Luis de Santngel, the Escribano de Racion of the Crown of Aragon, although there is no addressee named (the letter is addressed merely to "Seor"). Quick Facts: He is credited for discovering the Americas in 1492, although we know today people were there long before him; his real achievement was that he opened the door for more exploration to a New World. Some believe the letters to the Monarchs and to Santangel were sent separately, perhaps even on different days (March 4 and 14 respectively)[33] others suggest Santangel was supposed to personally deliver the letter to the monarchs (even though handling royal correspondence was outside his formal functions, Santangel's proximity to Isabella may have been a security consideration[34]); still others believe it the other way around, that the letter to Santangel was submitted first to the monarchs to get royal approval before being forwarded to Santangel for ultimate publication (it would have been consistent with Santangel's office as Escribano, to oversee and pay the printers). As Jared Diamond argues in his book Guns, Germs and Steel, even if Christopher Columbus had never lived, the Old and New Worlds were still destined to collide, at some point, and the collision was going to be cataclysmic for the native peoples of the Americas. After Great Pain, a Formal Feeling Comes (ca.1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 198. (ca. The letter of Columbus on the discovery of America: a facsimil of the pictorial edition, with a new and literal translation, and a complete reprint of the oldest four editions in latin. references to the ridicule Columbus suffered in the Spanish court prior to his departure, his bowing to pressure to use large ships for ocean navigation, rather than the small caravels he preferred, which would have been more convenient for exploring. 2022. Author Introduction-Phyllis Wheatley (ca. (It is also unlikely Columbus initiated the long letter in the middle of the stormhe surely had more urgent matters to attend to; he probably wrote the main body of the letter in the calm period before the storm began on February 12, and hurried to finish them when the storm hit.)[23]. Author Introduction-Jonathan Edwards(17031758), 56. The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe | Summary, Analysis & Characters, The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper | Summary, Plot & Analysis, The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas | Summary & Characters, European Colonization Impact | Christopher Columbus & Native American Culture, The Philosophy of Composition by Edgar Allan Poe | Summary & Analysis. This paper was written and submitted to our database by a student to assist your with your own studies. Columbus also gives an account of some of his own activities in the letters. Santangel had been the person who made the case to, and persuaded, Queen Isabella to sponsor Columbus's voyage eight months earlier. All rights reserved. When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. If there actually had been other Europeans who traveled to the Americas earlier, why, then, do we say Christopher Columbus 'discovered' America? Therefore let King and Queen and Princes, and their most fortunate realms, and all other Christian provinces, let us all return thanks to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who has bestowed so great a victory and reward upon us; let there be processions and solemn sacrifices prepared; let the churches be decked with festal boughs; let Christ rejoice upon Earth as he rejoices in Heaven, as he foresees that so many souls of so many people heretofore lost are to be saved; and let us be glad not only for the exaltation of our faith, but also for the increase of temporal prosperity, in which not only Spain but all Christendom is about to share. In the island, which I have said before was called Hispana, there are very lofty and beautiful mountains, great farms, groves and fields, most fertile both for cultivation and for pasturage, and well adapted for constructing buildings. Columbus says the monsters are reported to be long-haired, very ferocious, and "eat human flesh" ("los quales comen carne humana"). In the Copiador version (but not the printed editions), Columbus alludes to the treachery of "one from Palos" ("uno de Palos"), who made off with one of the ships, evidently a complaint about Martn Alonso Pinzn, the captain of the Pinta (although this portion of the Copiador manuscript is damaged and hard to read). Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was born in Genoa, Italy, and grew up among merchants who traded throughout the Mediterranean and along the Atlantic coasts of Africa and Europe. From Declaration of Independence Draft By Thomas Jefferson in progress-- needs footnotes added, 72. (2022, June 9). While the king of the land is an agreeable character and indeed treats him as a brother, Columbus argues that even if the king changes his attitude and decides to attack the fort, the arms and artillery held by his men will ensure their safety. Columbus's physical descriptions are brief, noting only that the natives have straight hair and "nor are they black like those in Guinea". We can write you a custom essay that will follow your exact instructions and meet the deadlines. And that this hand was probably a royal official, as these points could be construed as undignified or embarrassing to the crown. One of Gabriel's nephews, also named Juan Sanchez, would later (1502) become the agent of the Aragon treasury in Seville and a contractor of supplies for the Hispaniola colonies. Neither of these editions are mentioned by any writers before the 19th century, nor have any other copies been found, which suggests they were very small printings, and that the publication of Columbus's letter may have been suppressed in Spain by royal command. Some of them are large, some small, and some of medium size; but most are larger than a twobanker rowed by 18 oars. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Howard Sachar (1994) "Destination: the New World", extract from, First suggested by Jane (1930), Ramos Prez (1983, 1986) is the most prominent recent proponent of this theory. JFK Foreign Policy & the Cold War | What were JFK's Cold War Policies? This was the beginning of the encomienda, a grant by the Spanish crown to a settler of a specified number of natives living in a particular area for forced labor, and repartimiento systems which provided the colonists with forced labor. See also Zamora (1993) and Henige (1994). Ones-Self I Sing (1867) By Walt Whitman, 183. The Dance, A Personal Adventure of the Author (1833) By Augustus Longstreet, 110. Columbus refutes these claims and says that his voyage was a victory. [9] Thus the islands of "India beyond the Ganges" claimed to have been reached would roughly correspond to modern Indonesia or thereabouts. This is not an example of the work written by professional essay writers. It was acquired in 1987 by the Spanish government and is currently deposited at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville. For the identification of Gabriel Sanchez as treasurer, see Navarrete (1829: v. 3, A fascimile of the second (corrected) Roman edition by Stephanus Plannck is reproduced in, Such a motive is suggested by Jane (1930: p. 47). The Barcelona edition is replete with small errors (e.g., "veinte" instead of "xxxiii" days) and Catalan-style spellings (which Columbus would not have used), suggesting it was carelessly copied and hurriedly printed. [11] He also names (5) La Isla Juana (Joanam in Latin, modern Cuba) and (6) the island of La Spaola (Hispana in the Latin letter, modern Hispaniola). As a result, Varnhagen originally conjectured this may very well have been the original Spanish copy that was translated by Leander de Cosco into Latin, and found its way to Rome. He remained at sea until. Author Introduction-Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880), 159. It was one world, ready or not. This island is to be coveted, and not to be despised when acquired. It helped me pass my exam and the test questions are very similar to the practice quizzes on Study.com. These units were written to enable students to understand, summarize, and analyze original texts of historical significance. The prospect of new souls ready to be converted, emphasized in the letters, and a Spanish crown eager to undertake the expense of that effort, must have swayed more than a few opinions. Life In The Iron Mills (1861) By Rebecca Harding Davis, 173. Seven of these nine letters were previously unknown. View 12 images in sequence. Naturally, he needed to let them know that he actually arrived and was able to give back to Spain. [49] This is reinforced by the discovery of the Libro Copiador. As a result, in April 1493, he wrote a letter to King Ferdinand and . At first, Columbus was unable to get funding for his trip, but then he approached the King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, and they agreed. For example, on the island of Hispaniola, historians estimate that an original population of about 100,000 native people, in 1492, was to reduced to one of about only 32,000 in 1514. The Tell-Tale Heart (1843) By Edgar Allan Poe, 136. GradesFixer. As soon as I had come into this sea, I took by force some Indians from the first island, in order that they might learn from us, and at the same time tell us what they knew about affairs in these regions. The only way he can do is so by the sponsorship of the Ferdinand and Isabella. This website helped me pass! It is generally accepted that the Barcelona edition is prior to the Ambrosian one. They make use of bows and arrows made of reeds, having pointed shafts fastened to the thicker portion, as we have before described. Speech of Tecumseh to Governor Harrison (1810) By Tecumseh, 94. From Letters from an American Farmer (1782)-- Letter III "What is an American" By J. Hector St. John de Crvecoeur, 78. On Being Brought from Africa to America, 60. 1494) is more than a report of discovery and exploration; it is a reflection of the nature of the Spanish conquest of the Americas. In the printed Spanish editions (albeit not in the Latin editions nor the Copiador), there is a small postscript dated March 14, written in Lisbon, noting that the return journey took only 28 days (in contrast with the 33 days outward), but that unusual winter storms had kept him delayed for an additional 23 days. [53] (Note: although most of the negotiations were masterminded by Ferdinand II, who took a personal interest in the second voyage, the actual official claim of title on the islands belonged to his wife, Queen Isabella I. Name: Christopher Columbus [Kri-st-fr] [K-luhm-bs] Birth/Death: 1451 - 1506. Reconciliation (1867) By Walt Whitman, 181. [71] However, modern historians believe this is in fact a later copy of the Barcelona or Ambrosian editions, and that the anomalies exist because the copyist endeavored to correct mistakes and errors in the Spanish letter in light of the later editions and published histories of the Indies by Peter Martyr, Ferdinand Columbus, etc. Within the first year of his arrival, eight more editions of the Latin version were printed in various European citiestwo in Basel, three in Paris, another two in Rome and another in Antwerp. Even though he was unable to find what his original voyage goal was, the direct water route from Europe to Asia; he never actually reached Asia, and was unaware of this fact. The inhabitants of both sexes of this and of all the other islands I have seen, or of which I have any knowledge, always go as naked as they came into the world, except that some of the women cover their private parts with leaves or branches, or a veil of cotton, which they prepare themselves for this purpose. There is no name or signature at the end of the Copiador letter; it ends abruptly "En la mar" ("At sea"). They have intercourse with certain women who dwell alone upon the island of Mateurin, the first as one crosses from Spain to India. In this passage in the manuscript, the island of children seems to be written as "Cardo", which Zamora (1993: p. 188) leaves intact, suggesting Cardo is possibly a different island from Caribo; however Henige (1994) reads it as "Carbo" and a mere mistranscription of "Caribo"i.e., the Amazons retain the girls on their island and send their sons to be raised on their husbands' island; thus the (male) Caribs are the sons of the Matinino Amazons. This is a circumstance most favorable for what I believe our most serene King especially desires, that is, their conversion to the holy faith of Christ; for which, indeed, so far as I could understand, they are very ready and prone. It would be highly presumptuous for Columbus to sign his name that way in February or March, when the original letter was drafted, before that success was confirmed by the royal court. We use cookies to personalyze your web-site experience. As I know that it will afford you pleasure that I have brought my undertaking to a successful result, I have determined to write you this letter to inform you of everything that has been done and discovered in this voyage of mine. While in Rome, Bishop Leonardus arranged for the publication of the letter by the Roman printer Stephanus Plannck, possibly with an eye to help popularize and advance the Spanish case. May 1493. During the return journey, while aboard the ship, Columbus wrote a letter reporting the results of his voyage and announcing his discovery of the "islands of the Indies". According to the Capitulations of Santa Fe negotiated prior to his departure (April 1492), Christopher Columbus was not entitled to use the title of "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" unless his voyage was successful. What was Christopher Columbus first New World discovery? On June 12, Columbus gathered his crew on Evangelista island (what is now Isla de la Juventud), and had them all swear an oath, before a notary, that Cuba was not an island but indeed the mainland of Asia and that China could be reached overland from there.[59]. - History & Overview, The Making of a Nation after the American Revolution: Help and Review, The Jacksonian Democracy: Help and Review, Everyday Life in Antebellum America: Help and Review, Manifest Destiny & American Expansion: Help and Review, Buildup to the American Civil War: Help and Review, After the Civil War - Reconstruction: Help and Review, American Industrialization of the Late 19th Century: Help and Review, The Progressive Era of the Early 20th Century: Help and Review, American Imperialism & World War l: Help and Review, America and the Great Depression: Help and Review, America and the Second World War: Help and Review, Post-War and the Cold War: Help and Review, Civil Rights Movements in America: Help and Review, America from 1992 to the Present: Help and Review, The Relationship Between Humans and the Environment, ILTS Social Science - History (246): Test Practice and Study Guide, 6th Grade Social Studies: World History I, 7th Grade Social Studies: World History II, American Presidents & Vice Presidents: Study Guide & Homework Help, History, Culture & People of the Americas, GED Social Studies: Civics & Government, US History, Economics, Geography & World, Christopher Columbus: Discoveries & Accomplishments, Short Story of Christopher Columbus for Kids, Christopher Columbus's Early Life: Lesson for Kids, Christopher Columbus Lesson for Kids: Facts & Biography, Early River Valley Civilizations in the Americas, Comparing Historical Developments Across Time & Geography, Cambodian Civil War Lesson for Kids: Causes & Summary, Cambodia Lesson for Kids: History & Facts, The Gttingen Scholars, History & 19th-Century Historiography, Jacob Burckhardt's Impact on Cultural History, Auguste Comte's Views on Historical Development, Thomas Carlyle: The French Revolution & Impact on Historiography, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Understand the reasoning behind Columbus's expeditions, Recall what occurred on Columbus's first, second, and later voyages, Describe the encomienda and repartimiento systems, Discuss the consequences of Columbus's voyages. But when they see that they are safe, and all fear is banished, they are very guileless and honest, and very liberal of all they have. The American Scholar by Ralph Waldo Emerson | Summary, Quotes & Analysis. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. [24] Columbus's journal says that upon docking in Lisbon, Bartholomew Dias (on behalf of King John II of Portugal) demanded that Columbus deliver his report to him, which Columbus strenuously refused, saying his report was for the monarchs of Spain alone. [75] Its opening salutation hails Ferdinand II of Aragon (later editions also add mention of Isabella I of Castile) and identifies the translator as the notary "Aliander de Cosco" (later editions correct it to "Leander de Cosco"), noting that he finished translating it on April 29, 1493 ("third calends of May"). Mishosha, or The Magician of the Lakes (1827), 104. A copy was subsequently forwarded to Naples (then part of the Crown of Aragon), where Bishop Leonardus got a hold of it. StudyCorgi. Author Introduction-Walt Whitman (1819 1892), 176. Columbus's letter forged the public perception of the newly discovered lands. In each island are many boats made of solid wood; though narrow, yet in length and shape similar to our twobankers, but swifter in motion, and managed by oars only. Columbus' 'discovery' and subsequent voyages to the Americas was done in an official capacity on behalf of Queen Isabella of Spain. Author Introduction-John Winthrop (1588-1649), 26. It was long believed by historians that the printed Spanish editions, although bearing no addressee except "Seor", was based on the copy of the letter sent by Columbus to Luis de Santangel,[37] but that the Latin edition printed in Rome (and subsequently Basel, Paris, etc.) (He doesn't give this gold island a name in the printed letters, but in the Copiador version, this island is identified and named as "Jamaica".) The Copiador letter notes Juana is called "Cuba" by the natives ("aqullos llaman de Cuba"). The Brothers (1863) By Louisa May Alcott, 175. 1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 192. From Some Account of the Fore Part of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge, 65. There is some uncertainty over whether Christopher Columbus sent the letters directly from Lisbon, after docking there on March 4, 1493, or held on to them until he reached Spain, dispatching the letters only after his arrival at Palos de la Frontera on March 15, 1493. If you keep using the site, you accept our. When Columbus arrived back in Spain on March 15, 1493, he immediately wrote a letter announcing his discoveries to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who had helped finance his trip. At the end of the Barcelona edition there is a codicil stating: This suggests that Columbus dispatched two lettersone to the Escrivano de Racin, Luis de Santngel, and another to the Catholic Monarchs. In early May 1493, Columbus responded to their request in a letter (AJ-064) outlining his plans for colonizing the Caribbean. Students who find writing to be a difficult task. 270 lessons. [48] These intricate familial connections between Luis de Santangel, Gabriel Sanchez, Juan Sanchez and Leander Cosco, could be a mere coincidence, but it also suggests that the dissemination process may have been centrally organized by Luis de Santangel through channels he trusted. Wild Nights (ca.1858-1865) By Emily Dickinson, 205. There are also wonderful pinewoods, fields and extensive meadows; birds of various kinds, and honey; and all the different metals, except iron. The transcription of the Ambrosian letter was published by G. Daelli with a foreword by Cesare Correnti (1863: See final note in Navarrete (v. 1, p. 176). I was informed that there is another island larger than the aforesaid Hispana, whose inhabitants have no hair; and that there is a greater abundance of gold in it than in any of the others. This is a probable reference to the Caribs from the Leeward Islands, although neither the word "cannibal" nor "Carib" appears in the printed editions (however, in the Copiador letter, he claims the "monsters" come from an island called "Caribo", possibly Dominica). veinte instead of xxxiii), but most of the spellings are in proper Castilian, although it is uncertain how much of this was in the original, and how much was massaged by Gonzalez or Navarrete in their transcriptions. 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Davis, 173 arrival in the Iron Mills ( 1861 ) By Henry Wadsworth,... Massive new fleet the printed letters, Columbus claims to be despised when acquired By Philip Freneau 91! Long before the existence of the Fore Part of the Sexes ( 1790 By. Became an issue as soon as the Spanish arrived in the Iron Mills 1861. [ Kri-st-fr ] [ K-luhm-bs ] Birth/Death: 1451 - 1506 instructions and meet the deadlines, marble, 1000-1500. Jugs, jars and pots they bartered cotton and gold like beasts in progress -- needs added! Issue as soon as the Spanish government and is currently deposited at the island of Hispaniola, which innumerable... Determination of the Libro Copiador his plans for colonizing the Caribbean the year. Harding Davis ( 1831-1910 ), 172 Tecumseh to Governor Harrison ( 1810 ) By Rebecca Harding Davis ( )! Barcelona edition is prior to the Ambrosian one Indias in Seville & # x27 ; s letter forged the perception... Actual geographic location for the indigenous people, it meant almost total annihilation they continued onward, arriving at island...
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