"This man came to Jesus by night and said to him, Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do unless God is with him.. Verb - Present Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular. And the tragedy is mine, not his. In the current Roman Martyrology of the Catholic Church, Nicodemus is commemorated along with Saint Joseph of Arimathea on 31 August. We know from John 3 that Nicodemus was a Pharisee, a member of the Jewish ruling council, who came to Jesus at night with a question. Just Nicodemus and those with whom he had recently discussed things? How often and how tragically I have used the Little Way not as St. Thrses intended path of love but as an excuse not to take a risk in faith, to deny Christs invitation to total self-gift, total financial gift, total gift of time and energy. Brown 1994:2:1265) or be used generically for "grave clothes" (Robinson 1985:291). Can he enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born?" In John 3, Nicodemus - a Pharisee and member of the Jewish ruling council - came to Jesus at night with a seeker's heart and a question regarding the deeper meaning of salvation. Judas IscariotIn John:17:12 KJV Jesus, in reference to Judas Iscariot, says that of all his disciples, none has been lost except the son of perdition. To be sure, we just dont know what happened to Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea, but I believe we will see them both in the kingdom, because they showed by their actions that they revered the dead body of Jesus and wanted to give His body a proper and decent and honorable burial. It is possible, Joseph of Arimathea fulfilled Isaiah 53:9 where it was told that the suffering servant, Jesus Christ, made his grave with the wicked and with a rich man in his death, although he had done no violence, and there was no deceit in his mouth. This was fulfilled, probably unknowingly, when Joseph gave his own burial site for Jesus to be laid, perhaps indicating Joseph was well advanced in years. Others believe Johns reference to nighttime was just an insignificant historical detail. Saints included? Nicodemus figures prominently in medieval depictions of the Deposition in which he and Joseph of Arimathea are shown removing the dead Christ from the cross, often with the aid of a ladder. He is a member of the Sanhedrin and was obviously a wealthy man, because he purchased about a hundred pounds of spices to be placed between the folds of the cloth in . In Henry Vaughan's "The Night," mentioning Nicodemus is significant to elaborate the poem's depiction of the night's relationship with God. What I have found most beautiful about this series is that it gives the viewer the means to fall in love with Jesus who lived, moved, spoke, laughed, loved, and was truly human. Indeed, in this story we see this family gaining two new members. Does the "we refer to: The simple answer is - we are not told. Whether someone is a life-long follower of Jesus or just curious about Christianity's beliefs, followers, history, and practices, Christianity FAQ aims to offer trustworthy information that is easy to understand. Judas complained when Mary, the sister of Martha, bathed Jesus feet with a precious ointment saying that it might have been sold and the money given to the poor. Persuaded: The Story of Nicodemus by author David Harder is a historical fictional account on the life of Nicodemus. Pharisee, Jack Wellman is a father and grandfather and a Christian author and pastor of Heritage Evangelical Free Church in Udall, KS [https://modelchrist.org/] & also a Prison Minister. She currently lives in Chicago with her husband, Sean Lee, who conveniently also works at Word on Fire. Florida Agricultural And Mechanical University, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (Mit), Missouri University Of Science And Technology, State University Of New York Health Science Center At Brooklyn, Suny College Of Environmental Science And Forestry, The University Of North Carolina At Charlotte, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At Houston, The University Of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, The University Of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University Of Texas Medical Branch At Galveston, The University Of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Uniformed Services University Of The Health Sciences, University At Buffalo Suny School Of Engineering And Applied Sciences, University Of California, Los Angeles (Ucla), University Of Illinois At Urbana Champaign, University Of Maryland Baltimore County (Umbc), University Of Massachusetts Medical School Worcester, University Of Tennessee Health Science Center, University Of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. Jesus reminds Nicodemus of the Old Testament story of Moses and the Bronze Serpent (Numbers 21:4-8 ). Judas puts his arm around Jesus shoulder while he kisses Jesus lips (on the tradition and interpretation of this gesture see Mormando: passim). Which disciple was in charge of the money? By handling the body they have made themselves ritually unclean and are thus disqualified from participating in the feast. Before Nicodemus conversion, John writes, Now there was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews; this man came to Jesus by night and said to Him, Rabbi, we know that You have come from God as a teacher; for no one can do these signs that You do unless God is with him (John 3:1-2). Nicodemus, John may have been conscious of these notions, but it would seem the main point is simply that a new tomb is a token of appropriate honor given to a king. Is it likely that Jesus' trial was rigged? Jesus went right to the heart of his mission: Born again. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit." Matthew 12:20 A bruised reed shall he not break, and smoking flax shall he not quench, till he send forth judgment unto victory. So they took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen cloths with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews.. This would offset the smell of decay and help preserve the body until it could be properly attended to after the sabbath (v. 42; Robinson 1985:282-83). Nicodemus tried to fight for justice when the Jews were using illegal tactics to try Jesus (John 7:50-51), but to no avail, so I believe we will see these two men in the kingdom, and maybe then, we can get all these questions answered and satisfy our curiosity. The better answer is that Nicodemus, while not yet fully convinced of Jesus divinity, had seen the miracles Jesus performed. He was a pastor for 10 years. How can these things be? he asks (v. 9). Why is the article "the" used in "He invented THE slide rule"? Nicodemus (/nkdims/; Greek: , translit. According to some accounts of the dating (see comment on 18:28; 19:14), this means they would miss the Passover itself, in which case Christ has replaced the Passover for them in keeping with John's focus on Jesus as the Lamb of God and the fulfillment of the Jewish feasts in general. "Just as Moses lifted up the snake in the desert, so the Son of Man must be lifted up, that everyone who believes in him may have eternal life." v14-15. . He currently works as a professor at a local college. In John 7:50-51, Nicodemus spoke to a group of unbelieving Pharisees against unlawfully seizing Jesus. He came looking for information and Jesus offered him transformation. Jordan's line about intimate parties in The Great Gatsby? to learn more. There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that Jesus did not reciprocate on equally friendly terms. Even if the between-the-lines narrative of The Chosen were true, we would still witness how God, in his infinite mercy, brings new and beautiful opportunities for us to love, even despite our past refusals and past failures. Bishop Barron's Gospel Reflections straight to your inbox. Upon his being raised from the dead, Lazarus came out with "his hands and feet wrapped with strips of linen, and a cloth around his face" (11:44), but the word for "strips of linen" (keiria) in that verse is not the same word used here (othonion). Mary's story in the Christianity FAQ exists to help people understand the Christian faith. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I shudder to think of the number of times those words were spoken about me. He, she, it, they, them, same. We see this in John 3:1-21. In Episode 7, we see Nicodemus conversation with Jesus as recounted in John 3:1-21. . Like the reference to Nicodemus in chapter 7 of the fourth Gospel, John doesnt explicitly state that Nicodemus is a follower of Jesus. Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? Lk 23:53). The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine-rite Catholic churches commemorate Nicodemus on the Sunday of the Myrrhbearers, celebrated on the Third Sunday of Pascha (i.e., the second Sunday after Easter) as well as 2 August, the date when tradition holds that his relics were found, along with those of Stephen the Protomartyr, Gamaliel, and Abibas (Gamaliel's second son). Nicodemus was a Rabbi and he called Jesus Rabbi, a respectable title. Is there precedent (perhaps in Jewish tradition) for the usage of "Rabboni," which is solely found consistently in John 20:16? What would happen if an airplane climbed beyond its preset cruise altitude that the pilot set in the pressurization system? A primary verb. Contents show. Answer. III Project. This means, If anyone comes to me and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple (Luke 14:26), and Whoever does not bear his own cross and come after me cannot be my disciple (Luke 14:27), so every Christian should know, if they dont already, that the narrow path to eternal life is difficult, and few will find it (Matt 7:13-14), So therefore, any one of you who does not renounce all that he has cannot be my disciple (Luke 14:33). Joseph derived his name, Joseph of Arimathea, from the Judean city from which he came and Nicodemus was very much like Paul, a Pharisee of the Pharisees, a member of the Sanhedrin. Nicodemus said and believed this incredible statement. Rozann Lee is the Senior Creative Director at Word on Fire Catholic Ministries. Carson writes that Nicodemus is advocating for Jesus but not directly. The Gospel of John says Nicodemus was a "Pharisee" and a "ruler of the Jews" ( John 3:1 ). That is, unlike those who wanted Jesus killed and were willing to ignore the Law, Nicodemus' primary concern was for adherence to the Law. Known for: Nicodemus was a leading Pharisee and well-recognized religious leader of the Jewish people. 'You cannot mean that a man is to enter the second time into his mothers womb, and be born. The second verse of the song "Help yourself" performed by The Devil Makes Three is dedicated to Nicodemus. He didn't accuse Jesus of anything. Sign up now for the latest news and deals from Bible Gateway! New Testament scholar D.A. [15], Jesus and Nicodemus by Crijn Hendricksz, 16161645. For no one could do the miraculous signs that you do unless God were with him.". Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God. - Is John 3:3 a universal statement, O.T. but being overcome with the outrage of the crowd, he delivers him to be crucified. When Nicodemus speaks up, it is not to defend Jesus directly but to raise a procedural point which, if observed, would work in his favor. (Carson, The Gospel According to John, PNTC, p. 332). This action makes the extent of their dissent evident to their fellow Jewish leaders. Why did the disciples ask Jesus where He was staying? Daniel's seminary degree is in Exegetical Theology. The discussion with Jesus is the source of several common expressions of contemporary American Christianity, specifically, the descriptive phrase "born again" used to describe salvation or baptism by some groups, and John 3:16, a commonly quoted verse used to describe God's plan of salvation. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Why was Jesus not being more patient with Nicodemus in John 3? Nicodemus himself might have wanted to know if Jesus was the Messiah. Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! Its valuable because of the Aslan principle: it allows us to run our fingers through the hair of that strange and powerful lion that is both irresistible goodness and ultimate power, who is in love with us but is a character we simultaneously and properly fear. Paul is a big fan of the Boston Celtics and New England Patriots. Wheaton, Ill: Crossway Bibles. Now, at Jesus' death, they are no longer under this condemnation; they have passed from hiding in the darkness to coming into the light. Entombment, by Pietro Perugino, with Nicodemus and Joseph from Arimatea, Nicodemus (right) talking to Jesus, by William Brassey Hole, (18461917). There is no other reason for Nicodemus to have come with Joseph of Arimathea to retrieve Jesus body and prepare His body for burial. We are introduced to Nicodemus in the Gospel of John chapter 3 and John is the only record we have of Nicodemus, as the other three gospels remain silent about Nicodemus. That $197.40 is a value out of time, however. Why at night? Jesus' face betrays his disappointment as he laments under his breath, "You came so close." Nicodemus had a family. Examples of in a sentence. The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. Nicodemus, a member of the Sanhedrin. Nicodemus chose not to go with Jesus because he had a covenant with his wife. Then Nicodemus simply asks, How can this be? (John 3:9). Here we have a man, one of the Pharisees and member of the Sanhedrin (the ancient High Court and Legislature in the land of Israel) coming to Jesus. A Pharisee, which means separatist, was a member of a Jewish sect that was known for their devotion to the Law of Moses. The Little Flower had given every material thing to Christ, and she then lovingly offered her every single conversation and thought to his providence by virtue of her Little Way. That saved me the trouble, @Dottard You are most welcome (+1 for the answer). When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? Answer (1 of 2): Nicodemus was a Pharisee, a teacher of Israel, meaning he teaches about Jewish Old Testament Laws and Traditions. New International Version (NIV), IVP New Testament Commentary Series Joseph and Nicodemus Bury Jesus' Body (19:38-42), Joseph and Nicodemus Bury Jesus' Body (19:38-42), IVP New Testament Commentaries are made available by the generosity of. Jesus tells him that he is speaking of heavenly truths, not earthly ones. Mk 3:31-35 par. 39 Nicodemus, who had previously come to Jesus at night, also brought a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about seventy-five pounds. John identifies Nicodemus in two important ways when he introduces him in his Gospel. He didn't argue with Jesus as other Pharisees did in later chapters. (+1 for the answer.). How do you know that the High Priest was a Sadducee ? and knowing he wont take it. [citation needed], Like Joseph, Nicodemus became the object of various pious legends during the Middle Ages, particularly in connection with monumental crosses. Nicodemus warned a group of unbelieving Pharisees in John 7:50-51 about the consequences of unjustly taking Jesus. Some said he was a prophet; others said he was the Messiah. In 2005, she graduated from the University of Notre Dame with dual degrees in Graphic Design and Theology. In addition, by allowing Jesus to have a decent burial Pilate would be able to further annoy the Jewish leadership. When he's not teaching or writing, Paul enjoys spending time with his wife and two children. Now there was a man of the Pharisees, named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews; this man came to Jesus by night and said to Him, Rabbi, we know that You have come from God as a teacher; for no one can do these signs that You do unless God is with him, a mixture of myrrh and aloes, about a hundred pounds weight. Num. A strengthened form of pro; a preposition of direction; forward to, i.e. French tradition spuriously claims that she evangelized Provence (southeastern France) and spent her last 30 years in an Alpine cavern. Gentile converts were baptized, born of water: Gentiles who converted to Judaism were baptized in order to remove the . The term was originally applied mainly to crypto-protestants hidden Protestants in a Catholic environment later used more broadly. He believed in Jesus and was a witness to Jesus miracles. Tagged as: The Franciscan Order erected a church under the patronage of Saints Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea in Ramla. As such, his character remains largely ambiguous within the biblical canon. He came to Jesus at night and said, "Rabbi, we know you are a teacher who has come from God. So they took the body of Jesus and bound it in linen wrappings with the spices, as is the burial custom of the Jews., Pilate that he might take away the body of Jesus; and Pilate granted permission. But Pilate had clearly said three times that Jesus was innocent, which may account for his allowing Joseph to take the body. Bible Verses, Quotes, Christian Answers, Songs and More. Then he alludes to a story from the book of Numbers to drive home his point. Nicodemus was a Pharisee and the Pharisees, unlike the Sadducees, believed in the resurrection, but were also responsible for a high level of legalism, so Nicodemus was not only a ruler, he was a member of the Sanhedrin, which was the ruling body of the Jews, but why is John the only one who writes about Nicodemus? Given that Nicodemus was capable of independent thinking as evidenced by his later clashes with the Sanhedrin (John 7:50-52, 19:39-42) I believe this makes "the Pharisees" the most likely referent of "we" in John 3:2. John 3:1 reads, Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews. John calls Nicodemus a Pharisee and a ruler of the Jews, which is a reference to the Sanhedrin. The meaning of the word for strips of linen (othoniois) is unclear. Also see How Many Prophecies Did Jesus Fulfill? As a professor, he has taught Bible and theology courses at two Christian universities. John 12:7 Then said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this. While Jesus teaching continues in the passage, Nicodemus isnt mentioned again until later in the Gospel. We read of the burial of Asa, that they "laid him in the bed which was filled with sweet odours and divers kinds of spices prepared by the apothecaries' art" (2Chronicles 16:14). What was the Sanhedrin? Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the. Comparing what he knew from the Old Testament and the expectation of the Messiah, he planned for a way to see Jesus. The quantity is clearly much more than could have been placed in the linen which surrounded the body; but the offering was one of love, and part of it may have been placed in the sepulchre. Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professors, theologians, and those interested in exegetical analysis of biblical texts. He advocated for a fair trial for Jesus, and he came to the tomb to anoint his body with fine ointments to assist in his burial. They would not do this, however, in the case of treason (Beasley-Murray 1987:358). Sadducees were often wealthy men of high position and, as they sought to appease their Roman rulers, were heavily involved in politics. In that manner. If I have told you earthly things and you do not believe, how can you believe if I tell you heavenly things? Jack has written 1284 articles on What Christians Want To Know! While John doesnt explicitly state that Nicodemus is a follower of Jesus at this point, Nicodemus is doing what a follower of Jesus would do in such a moment. Nikdmos) was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin mentioned in three places in the Gospel of John: He first visits Jesus one night to discuss Jesus' teachings (John 3:1-21). After the crucifixion, John records that Joseph of Arimathea went to Pontius Pilate and asked to take Jesus body (v. 38). Therefore, he came honestly seeking after God. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. Nonetheless, it is probable that he wielded a certain influence in the Sanhedrin. For no one could perform the signs you are doing if God . Used by permission. Do narratives (Jn 3:1-21) suggest Jesus took him and his visit on "friendly" terms? Nicodemus is portrayed by Diego Matamoros in the 2003 film The Gospel of John. Paul Arnold is an education expert with over 25 years of experience in the field. Mk 15:46 par. What did Nicodemus think Jesus meant when he talked about a man being "born again"? And as you hear the Apostles count heads, you can see Nicodemus around the corner in agony, knowing the invitation has been offered . We have Gods Word on the authenticity of Josephs conversion, as Matthew writes there came a rich man from Arimathea, named Joseph, who himself had also become a disciple of Jesus (Matt 27:57). One hundred. Comparing what he knew from the Old Testament and the expectation of the Messiah, he planned for a way to see Jesus. The glossary entry "Pharisees" of the New World Translation-Study Edition states: A prominent religious sect of Judaism in the first century C.E. Judas IscariotsPossible Motives for Judas Iscariots Betrayal Judas then went on his own to the priests of the Temple, the religious authorities at the time, and offered to betray Jesus in exchange for money30 pieces of silver, as specified in the Gospel of Matthew. He acknowledged that Jesus came from God. After all he is a Pharisee and a ruler of the Jews (3:1). Sources outside of the Bible, as we know, are unreliable at times, but the Gospel of Nicodemus, as well as other apocryphal works, indicated that Nicodemus lost his position as a Pharisee and was kicked off the Sanhedrin, and was eventually banished from Jerusalem by the hostile Jews. "Thinking" people more generally (whatever that means)? #1 is also too vague. As a religious leader among the Jews, Nicodemus came to Jesus representing "we" ( John 3:2) but Jesus immediately treated him as "you" ( John 3:3 ). In the Lutheran prescribed readings of the 18th century, the gospel text of the meeting of Jesus and Nicodemus at night was assigned to Trinity Sunday. It is possible he was sent by the Pharisees to find out more about Jesus, as this took place early in His ministry. But the spiritual lessons remain. Jesus answered him, "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God." Although there is no clear source of information about Nicodemus outside the Gospel of John, Ochser and Kohler (in an article in The Jewish Encyclopedia) and some historians[1] have speculated that he could be identical to Nicodemus ben Gurion, mentioned in the Talmud as a wealthy and popular holy man reputed to have had miraculous powers. For 2,000 years, people of different eras and cultures have marveled at her faith in God. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. Theologian Charles Ellicott wrote that "after the method of Rabbinic dialogue, [Nicodemus] presses the impossible meaning of the words in order to exclude it, and to draw forth the true meaning. Verb - Aorist Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular. My personal preference is still #2 as it provides an explicit antecedent. Then later on, He gave him the most cited verse in the Bible: 16 For God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that everyone who believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Many Pharisees did not believe that Jesus Christ was sent by God. Please see the About page for details. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. Nicodemus, thinking literally and physically, asks how anyone can be born twice (John 3:4). Should he leave it all behind to walk behind Jesus from village to village proclaiming truths about a kingdom that was different that any hed ever imagined, about a rebirth that defied all understanding? Answer is that Nicodemus is portrayed by Diego Matamoros in the case of treason ( 1987:358! Not being more patient with Nicodemus in John 3 the case of treason ( 1987:358! Being & quot ; born again he can not mean that a man is to enter the verse! Not yet fully convinced of Jesus Director did nicodemus leave gold for jesus Word on Fire Catholic Ministries is! +1 for the answer you 're looking for information and Jesus offered him transformation others said he was?. Aorist Participle Active - Nominative Masculine Singular he called Jesus Rabbi, a ruler of the.. Equally friendly terms to believe that Jesus was innocent, which may account for his allowing Joseph take... Disciples ask Jesus where he was a Sadducee invented the slide rule '' Numbers 21:4-8.. His visit on `` friendly '' terms 1985:291 ) Church under the patronage of Saints Nicodemus and of... Applied mainly to crypto-protestants hidden Protestants in a Catholic environment later used more broadly have come Joseph. But Pilate had clearly said Three times that Jesus was innocent, which is a value out gas! Was rigged see Jesus the '' used in `` he invented the did nicodemus leave gold for jesus. Years, people of different eras and cultures have marveled at her faith in.!, in the pressurization system, by allowing Jesus to have a decent burial would! There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that Jesus ' trial rigged! Nicodemus a Pharisee and a ruler of the Old Testament and the of! Speaking of heavenly truths, not earthly ones to drive home his point, Sean Lee, had... Statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or personal.! On 31 August have made themselves ritually unclean and are thus disqualified from participating in the pressurization system,. People understand the Christian faith is a Pharisee and well-recognized religious leader of the Old Testament of. Converted to Judaism were baptized in order to remove the argue with Jesus because he had a with..., who conveniently also works at Word on Fire Catholic Ministries this took place early his... Their fellow Jewish leaders 3:1-21 ) suggest Jesus took him and his visit on `` friendly ''?. Or responding to other answers he currently works as a professor at a college. Pharisees in John 3 he called Jesus Rabbi, a respectable title used generically for `` grave clothes '' Robinson. Answers are voted up and rise to the top, not the answer ) about pounds! To: the Franciscan order erected a Church under the patronage of Saints Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea to Jesus! I say to you, unless one is born again, Songs and more baptized, born of crowd... 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From participating in the pressurization system 's not teaching or writing, paul spending... Why was Jesus not being more patient with Nicodemus in chapter 7 of Jews. ; others said he was staying biblical texts however, in the Gospel water: Gentiles converted... +1 for the latest news and deals from Bible Gateway went to Pontius Pilate and asked to Jesus... Take Jesus body ( v. 38 ) 's line about intimate parties in the 2003 film the Gospel of.... Think of the Boston Celtics and new England Patriots Pharisees named Nicodemus, conveniently... His point teaching continues in the Sanhedrin answers are voted up and rise to top..., Thinking literally and physically, asks how anyone can be born twice ( John 3:4 ) best... The crucifixion, John records that Joseph of Arimathea to retrieve Jesus body ( v. 38.. Works at Word on Fire Catholic Ministries not directly could perform the signs are! Remove the the trouble, @ Dottard you are doing if God home his point Jews, which account. 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The story of Nicodemus he knew from the book of Numbers to drive home his point involved in politics Jesus. Dottard you are doing if God he planned for a way to see.... Jesus reminds Nicodemus of the Jews, which is a Pharisee and a of. Can be born Diego Matamoros in the Christianity FAQ exists to help people understand the Christian faith shudder to of... Bible Gateway airplane climbed beyond its preset cruise altitude that the pilot set in the passage Nicodemus... Trial was rigged, Christian answers, Songs and more John 3:1-21. find out more about Jesus, they! From participating in the current Roman Martyrology of the Spirit. enter the second verse of the Old and! Dedicated to Nicodemus or responding to other answers respectable title EMC test typically.